Par Kathleen Mazor, EdD, MS
Rédactrice collaboratrice

How do we teach analytical and creative thinking? How do we instill curiosity and a desire for lifelong learning? How do we foster self-awareness? How do we create a global citizenry capable of not just doing, but creating jobs and finding solutions to a host of unprecedented global challenges? Achieving these ambitious goals requires a robust approach to education that reaches all children and fosters the development of the unique strengths and potential of each child.

Education scholar Howard Gardner believes that educators today face daunting challenges, as they need to prepare students for global citizenship, guide students in developing their values, help students to develop a sense of agency, and ensure that agency is wedded to appropriate goals. They also need to help students become comfortable with new technologies, and perhaps most importantly provide students with the tools and guidance that will enable lifelong learning.

As Andreas Schleicher of the OCED emphasizes, “The world economy no longer pays you for what you know, but for what you can do with what you know. … this challenges not only the content of what we teach, but the ways in which we teach.”

Thus, students not only need to understand the fundamentals of mathematics, chemistry, biology, and history; they must also be able to apply their knowledge to solving real-world problems. To do so, young people also need to think critically, and to connect knowledge and ideas across disciplines. A traditional model of teaching which relies on “right answers” imparted from teachers to students is insufficient. Though there is a place for teachers providing information, there is also particular value in encouraging students to take responsibility for their own learning by asking their own questions and forging their own creative solutions.

Mathematics instruction has been called out as an example of a content area needing new approaches. Rather than teaching, testing, and retesting mathematical problems that often may seem to have no practical application, teachers need to present problems that will enable students to learn to use foundational skills, think mathematically and apply their knowledge – an ability referred to as quantitative literacy or “numeracy.”

The late mathematician and civil rights icon Robert P. Moses founded the Algebra Project some 50 years ago because of his belief that “the absence of math literacy in urban and rural communities throughout this country is an issue as urgent as the lack of registered Black voters in Mississippi was in 1961.” While voting rights was the key to unlocking political access, he argued that math literacy is essential for unlocking economic access.

Social and Emotional Learning

In Counting What Counts, education scholar Yue Shen argues that non-academic skills such as personality, emotions, empathy, curiosity and self-efficacy are crucial to well-being, and as such should be considered the ultimate purpose of education. We now have sufficient knowledge about human development, she says, to develop “practices and systematic efforts in the school environment, so that students can develop the potential they were born with through attentive nurturing that educators are able to provide.”

Students of all socio-economic backgrounds would benefit from an active study of the nature of social interaction and how it can be put to good use inside and outside the classroom.

In a separate chapter of the same book, Brian Gearin cites numerous studies that support the importance of social interactions to student success—not just academic achievement but the reduction of violence and various aspects of student health and wellbeing. Gearin points out that along with collaborative projects, students of all socio-economic backgrounds would benefit from an active study of the nature of social interaction and how it can be put to good use inside and outside the classroom. Schools might teach the principles of social intelligence: how social networks work, how ideas and practices are transmitted from one person to another and adopted by groups, how social capital works and how to develop it, and how our social brains work.

School-based interventions to facilitate social and emotional learning have demonstrable benefits. One meta-analysis of over 400 studies reported that students who had participated in universal school-based social and emotional learning showed “improved academic achievement, school climate, school functioning, social emotional skills, attitudes, and prosocial and civic behaviors, and reduced internalizing and externalizing problems.” [Note: A meta-analysis is a systematic approach to examining a large number of studies on a particular topic to identify what, if any, conclusions are supported across the body of research.]

A separate study reviewed the results of multiple meta-analyses covering over 500 studies on social and emotional learning interventions and found such interventions were associated with “improved personal and social skills, attitudes, positive social behavior, and academic performance, and reductions in problematic behavior, emotional distress, and drug use.”

Learning Together

In the 1970s, social psychologist Elliot Aronson received a call from a colleague, who was then assistant superintendent of schools in Austin Texas. The colleague was calling because desegregation was not going well in Austin – prejudice and violence were increasing, and the academic achievement and self-esteem of minority students were declining. Aronson accepted his colleague’s invitation to get involved. He began by bringing his team to the schools and simply observing what was happening in the classrooms. It was immediately obvious that the typical classroom situation was inherently competitive – the teacher asked a question and confident students vied to be called upon to answer. Minority students, due to prior poor educational experiences, were at a continuing disadvantage. According to Aronson, “If someone had intentionally designed a classroom structure aimed at making desegregation fail, they could not have done a better job. But it was not intentional. That is simply the way the classroom was structured.”

Over time, Aronson and his team designed an approach they called the “jigsaw classroom.” Central to this team-based approach was that each student would provide a piece of information essential to the successful completion of a project. Students would need to work collaboratively and rely on each other to create the final product. In this model, students not only get to know each other, but also benefit by helping each other, and by understanding each other’s styles, needs, strengths and weaknesses. There is a wealth of solid published research providing the evidence base for this approach, and freely available online resources for teachers seeking to implement it. Dr. Aronson’s work exemplifies how a systematic approach can be effectively applied to generate solutions to tough problems in education.