Health and Education in the Modern World: Global Health

How Income Influences Our Health and Lives

By Margaret A. Caudill-Slosberg, MD, PhD, MPH
Contributing Writer

It is “hard to think of a greater injustice than living over twenty-five years less because you are poor.”

Oxfam Report, 2019

“Before Covid-19, the fraction of the world’s population living in extreme poverty—meaning on less than $1.90 a day—had fallen below 10% from more than 35% in 1990. The pandemic not only halted but reversed that progress: since the onset of the health emergency to the end of 2022, the IMF estimated an additional 198 million people were likely to have entered the ranks of the extremely poor.”  – Luca Ventura, Global Finance

In the book Factfulness and on Gapminder.org, Hans Rosling and his colleagues divided the world into 4 income levels based on projected daily income. Their Dollar Street project profiles individual families around the world at all four levels, helping us visualize the role of income in health and its determinants.

Poverty is the antithesis of health … eradicating it is critical to achieving good health for the globe and its population.

Over a billion people live at level 1, extreme poverty, on less than $2 dollars a day (or less than $704 per year). In general, these individuals live in simple housing constructions, say of mud or sticks. They use their bare feet as their major source of transportation, cook on an open fire, collect water in a bucket, sleep on the ground, have limited access to food and little variety in diet. Nearly 85% of their income is spent on food. As a result, they have little to save or to buy other essentials. Needless to say, health care is a rare commodity. The ten poorest countries in the world are currently all in Africa; South Sudan, Burundi, Central African Republic, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Niger, Malawi, Chad and Liberia.

In general, people in extreme poverty do not live as long as those in Level 4 (described below). They have bigger families and more children, higher death rates among children before the age of five, and are more likely not to receive any education. They are extremely vulnerable to illness, trauma, severe weather events and conflicts as a result of their tenuous day-to-day subsistence. They have limited or no health care, often due to poor transportation access to distant health clinics and no or limited ability to pay for those services.

At $29/month this family lives in extreme poverty. R is 28 years old and lives with his family in Burundi. He is a farmer as is his wife J who is 25 years old. They live with their daughter K, 2 years old, and their 3-month-old twin sons B and U. Together the couple works for 84 hours/week. The income usually depends on the number of times R works on the neighbors’ farms. The family lives in a single-bedroom home. They’ve been living there for the past 3 years. They built the house with the help of their family and friends. The house structure is weak with crumbling walls and leaking roofs. There is no electricity, and the toilet is outside the house and shared with other households. Even though they produce 99% of their food, nearly all of the family income is spent on buying the rest of the food supplies. Three times a week, R and J walk 40 minutes to get water. They also spend 14 hours a week collecting wood, which they use as fuel for their stove. The family saves very little money, since most of it is spent on food. Their favorite possession is the dried maize that hangs from the ceiling. They plan on buying a bed. They hope that one day they will be able to fulfil their dream of buying a house.

Approximately 4 billion people, the largest group, live at Level 2, getting by on $3 to $8 dollars a day. They might have some possessions like a bicycle, a mattress, or a gas canister for cooking at home, and they may be able to save up for sandals and send some of their children to school. They are still very poor and this additional $3-5 more per day provides little to cushion any disruption in their daily routine. Routine health care is out of reach. Nigeria, Bangladesh, India and Cambodia have many people living at Level 2.

The family lives in India. D is 57 years old and works as a farmer. His wife, K, is 45 years old and she looks after the house. They have 3 sons; G is 29 years old and works as an attendant, S is 26 years old and works as a labourer, and R is 24 years old and works as a farmer. The family lives in a 2-room house that they built and have been living here for 20 years. They own the house, in addition to another house and land. The house has electricity, but there are frequent interruptions in supply. They have drinking water in their yard, but there is no toilet. The family grows 80% of their food, while the rest is purchased or acquired as gifts. Food costs them nearly half of their income. They cook using either coal, propane or wood depending on availability. They spend 3 hours a week collecting firewood. The family is saving money and planning to buy a car. They hope one day to be able to fulfill their dream of buying a house.

Roughly 2 billion individuals live at Level 3, many in countries like China, Egypt, Rwanda and the Philippines. In Level 3, people live on anywhere from $9 to $32/day. They have running water, might own a motorbike or car, and their meals are a more rich and colorful mix of various foods from day to day. They may work multiple jobs and can save some of their income. They most likely have electricity and a refrigerator, which makes things like studying and eating enough varied nutrients easier.

About 1 billion people live at Level 4, on $32 a day or greater. Level 4 individuals might own a car or motorbike, live in a home with multiple rooms that they rent or buy, cook on an electric or gas stove, have water piped into their homes (both cold and hot), have access to more nutrients, and are more likely to have finished twelve years of school and have money to spend on leisure activities. At this level an extra $3 dollars a day makes very little difference to their daily life. In countries like the US, Canada and Great Britain and much of the Western world, the majority of people live at Level 4.

If you are reading this, you are more than likely at Level 4. Most people at Level 4 must struggle to grasp the reality of the 7+ billion other people in the world, particularly if they have always known this higher level of income: how tenuous life can be when a disability or a serious illness can throw you back to Level 1. We find it difficult to imagine how a measly addition of $3 dollars a day could possibly make a difference to someone living in extreme poverty and in fact move him or her into Level 2.